1-What is Shotokan karate?

Shotokan is a style of Karate developed by Gichin Funakoshi (above, left). 

Wikipedia, the online encyclopedia gives the following information:

Shotokan (松涛館 Shōtōkan), literally, the house of pine waves, is a school of karate, developed from various martial arts by master Gichin Funakoshi (1868-1957) and his son Yoshitaka. Funakoshi was the man who 'officially' brought karate from Okinawa to mainland Japan, although Kenwa Mabuni, Motobu Choki and other Okinawans were actively teaching karate in Japan prior to this point. "Shoto" was the pen name Funakoshi used in his poetry, which means "pine waves" ([1], pg. 85), while "kan" means house. Hence "shotokan" was the name of the hall where he trained his students.